A Guide to the UK Legal System - Updated
By Sarah Carter
Sarah Carter is Law Librarian at the University of Kent at Canterbury, UK. She has been active in organising electronic legal information since it became available, and especially since the growth of the internet. She has written extensively on the subject in the Law Librarian and other publications. She was on the editorial committee of Moys Classification for Legal Materials and contributed to the 3rd edition, published in 1992. Her website LAWLINKS is internationally recognised and has received several awards, including the Wallace Breem Memorial Award from BIALL (British & Irish Association of Law Librarians) in 2000. At the same time she published a book based on LAWLINKS (Carter, S. Lawlinks. Cavendish, 2000). In an earlier librarianship role she wrote on the subject of women’s studies.
Updated October 1, 2002
Editor's note (SP):
This article is another update to A
Guide to the UK Legal System, (published August 1, 2001). There are
numerous additions, changes for some Web site addresses, as well as some
deletions. The additions and changes are indicated by (yellow
background color) for easy identification.
Primary
Sources of Law: Introduction
Primary
Legislation: Acts of Parliament
Subordinate
Legislation: Statutory Instruments
Electronic
Sources for Legislation
Electronic
Sources for Case Law
Legislation
and Case Law Indexes
Legal
News & Current Awareness
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
consists of four countries forming three distinct jurisdictions each having its
own court system and legal profession: England & Wales, Scotland, and
Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom was established in 1801 with the union of
Great Britain and Ireland, but only achieved its present form in 1922 with the
partition of Ireland and the establishment of the independent Irish Free State
(later the Republic of Ireland).
The UK joined the European Economic Community (now the
European Union) in 1973, since when it has been a requirement to incorporate
European legislation into UK law, and to recognise the jurisdiction of the
European Court of Justice in matters of EU law.
There have been significant constitutional reforms since the
Labour Government came into power in 1997, which make any description of the UK
legal system before then out of date. The Labour Government immediately
instituted a process of devolution, i.e., devolving certain areas of government
to the component countries of the UK: a separate Scottish Parliament
and a Welsh Assembly
were established following referendums in the countries concerned. Ireland
already had its Assembly, although this was not in operation (see below under Northern Ireland).
In the context of these new legislatures the English Parliament is often
referred to as ‘Westminster’. These devolved governments are dealt with in
separate sections.
The UK is a signatory of the European Convention of Human
Rights, and this has recently been incorporated into UK law with the
passing of the Human
Rights Act 1998. This allows for the provisions of the Convention to be
applied directly by the UK courts.
There is no written constitution. The Queen is the Head of
State, although in practice the supreme authority of the Crown is carried by
the government of the day. The legislature is a bicameral Parliament. The House
of Commons consists of 659 Members of Parliament (MPs), elected by simple
majority vote in a general election every five years, although the Government
has the right to call an election at any time before then, and in practice
usually brings the date forward to secure electoral advantage. The House of
Lords until recently consisted of life peers, awarded peerages for public
service, and a large number of hereditary peers whose membership of the House
of Lords depended on their aristocratic birth. The Labour Government began the
long-overdue process of reform of the House of Lords by abolishing the voting
rights of all the hereditary peers apart from ninety-two who remain until the
House is fully reformed. Proposals put forward by the Royal Commission on the Reform of the House of Lords were published in
2000 as a command paper: A House
for the Future (Cm 4534). This proposed a predominantly appointed second
chamber with a minority of elected members representing regions of the UK.
Links to documents on Lords Reform are on the Lord
Chancellor's Department Lords Reform page and on the Cabinet Office
Constitution Secretariat page.
The Government is made up of the Prime Minister, formally
appointed by the Queen, and who is normally the leader of the majority party in
the House of Commons, and ministers with departmental responsibilities, of whom
the Ministers of State form the Cabinet. The ministerial posts are the choice
of the Prime Minister.
The constitutional law of the UK is regarded as consisting
of statute law on the one hand and case law on the other, whereby judicial
precedent is applied in the courts by judges interpreting statute law. A third
element consists of constitutional conventions which do not have statutory
authority but nevertheless have binding force. Much of the relationship between
the Sovereign and Parliament is conventional rather than statutory.
The lowest criminal courts are the Magistrates Courts, which
deal with minor offences. More serious cases
are heard in the Crown Court, in front of judge and jury. The Crown Court also
hears cases appealed from the Magistrates Courts on factual points. Cases are
appealed on points of law to the High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). Appeals
against conviction and sentence are to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division).
Civil cases at first instance are heard in the County Courts
(for minor claims) or the High Court, which is divided into three divisions:
Queen’s Bench, Family and Chancery. Cases may be appealed to the Court of
Appeal (Civil Division). Cases may be appealed from the County Court to the
High Court.
The House of Lords is the supreme court of appeal. Its
judicial functions are quite separate from its legislative work, and cases are
heard by up to 13 senior judges known as Law Lords. The judicial work of the
House of Lords is described on its web
pages. The Court Service web
pages provide information on the other courts.
In addition to the courts there are specialised Tribunals,
which hear appeals on decisions made by various public bodies and Government
departments, in areas such as employment, immigration, social security, tax and
land. The Court Service also contains information on these.
There has been extensive reform of civil procedure in recent
years. Following on the publication of a major report on Access to Justice by
Lord Woolf in 1996, a completely new set of civil procedure rules were put into
operation in 1999, as well as new legislation for modernising the courts and
legal services. A Review of the Criminal Courts
by Sir Robin Auld was published in 2001. The various reports, the new
Civil Procedure Rules and much else can be found on the Lord Chancellor’s Department
website.
Primary Sources of Law: Introduction
Web-based sources for primary law have been made available
officially since 1996. However, while they offer valuable texts they are
limited by the fact that they are not annotated, amended or hyperlinked.
Consequently it is necessary to use commercial subscription services in order
to get reliable up to date information. Early in 2000, a new initiative to put
up hyperlinked texts of UK legislation and case law was launched. Known as BAILII (British and Irish Legal Information
Institute), it is based on the Australian model AustLII. It uses its own system of
citation for cases and there are links other cases and legislation where they
are loaded on the database. The site is under development, and coverage is
patchy at present. For regularly-updated details of all resources see LAWLINKS.
The major encyclopaedia is Halsbury’s Laws of England. 4th
ed. Butterworths, 1973. It is the starting point for any research on English
law. It is also available as an online
subscription service known as Halsbury’s
Laws Direct.
Legislation since devolution forms several separate
entities:
·
United
Kingdom legislation: applying to the whole UK
·
Welsh
legislation
(Statutory Instruments only)
For details of these categories see under the devolved
governments below. Legislation published on the web can be accessed from the
official Legislation website, also
from BAILII.
Primary Legislation: Acts of Parliament
There are two main forms of primary legislation: Public
General Acts and Local and Personal Acts. The latter are of specific
and limited application only. For the purposes of this survey I will
concentrate on PGAs. Depending on the legislative programme of the government,
some 40-70 Acts are passed each year. The sequential numbering of each Act
within each year is known as a chapter number.
Public General Acts appear in individual paper-covered
volumes, cumulating into three or four annual volumes. From 1996 they have been
published on the Acts of the UK Parliament
website, and their coverage now extends back to
1988. Many recent Acts have useful Explanatory
Notes. They are also on BAILII,
and the texts here contain hyperlinks to other legislation on the BAILII
database.
Unamended legislation is of limited value, however, and it
is always necessary to consult up to date sources. The principal printed source
for statutes is Halsbury’s Statutes, published
by Butterworths. This is arranged by subject in 50 volumes and contains
the amended text of all Acts in force with extensive annotations. It is updated
by means of an annual Cumulative Supplement and a loose leaf Noter-up, both
arranged like miniature versions of the work itself. There is no electronic
version of Halsbury’s Statutes.
Current Law Statutes, published
by Sweet & Maxwell, are a chronologically-arranged printed source.
The texts of Acts are therefore unamended, but are annotated. This source is of
particular value for finding the background to legislation, and tracing the
documents (reports, white papers, etc.) and debates which preceded the Act. Some of this material has been incorporated into
Westlaw (see below under Electronic
Sources).
Subordinate Legislation: Statutory Instruments
Statutory Instruments, or SIs, are regulations made under the
authority of an Act of Parliament. There are up to 3500 of these published
annually, and they are numbered sequentially within each year. They are
important documents, which often provide the detail required for the
application of the Statute, and some contain provisions for the commencement of
an Act (when it comes into force). Statutory Instruments are available
on the Web from 1987 and also available in the electronic services listed
below.
Electronic Sources for Legislation
As well as the public domain sources for legislation on the
Web listed above there are several subscription services.
·
Butterworths Legislation Direct
contains all UK legislation in force. including Statutes and SIs, and Scottish
Statutes and SIs. It is updated by Stop Press, and includes Is It In Force? and
Progress of Legislation databases. Butterworths
also includes digests of Acts with details of their status on their free Law Direct service.
·
Justis UK Statutes contains the full text of
Statutes as enacted with cross referencing between amended and amending
legislation, and is the only service to include
all repealed statutes as well as those in force. Justis UK Statutory
Instruments contain SIs from 1987, with a
separate database containing an archive of pre-1987 SIs.
·
Westlaw
UK (http://www.westlaw.co.uk/ or http://www.westlaw.com/) contains Statutes
and SIs in force, though at the time of writing not fully loaded, with
commentary (Analysis). It also has historical versions of statutes.
·
Lexis (lexis-nexis.co.uk
or lexis-nexis.com) also
contains the texts of Statutes and SIs in force.
·
Lawtel contains links
to the official version of Acts and statutory status tables giving details of
amending and amended legislation with links.
Cases in the courts are reported in numerous series of law
reports. Until 1865 case reporting was done by private court reporters, and the
resultant publications are known as the nominate reports, because they are
usually known by the name of the reporter. These have been gathered together in
a collection called the English Reports which makes them relatively easy to
find. The English Reports have also been published on CD-ROM and the web by Jutastat,
but this is not widely held. For a list of
citations to the nominate reports contained in the English Reports see Citations
for the English Reports. In 1865 the reporting of cases was
systematised by the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting,
which started publishing series of reports organised according to the court,
collectively known as The Law Reports.
The main general series currently published are:
·
The
Law Reports, 1865- which is in four separate series at the present day. For a
list of the citations to all the series within The Law Reports see the guide
Citations for The Law Reports.
·
Weekly
Law Reports, 1954-
·
All
England Law Reports, 1936-
In addition there is a large number of specialised reports,
covering different areas of law. There is a recognised hierarchy of reports,
the most authoritative being The Law Reports, but of course many cases are only
reported in specialised series.
Lists of citations can be found in many of the published
works, but the most comprehensive guide is Raistrick, Donald: Index to legal
citations and abbreviations, 2nd ed, Bowker Saur 1993, which has
world wide coverage. Most of the commoner
citations can be found online in Legal
Abbreviations.
Electronic Sources for Case Law
A distinction here has to be made between law reports and
transcripts. In recent years there has been a growth in the provision of
electronic transcripts of cases on the web, many available free. Many, though
not all of these will subsequently be reported.
·
BAILII contains an easily searchable and
growing number of case law databases, gathering
together all the public domain sources.
·
House
of Lords judgments are available on the web from 1996, and within 2 hours
of the decision.
·
The Court Service contains a
database of selected recent cases from the Court of Appeal and the High Court.
Other sources can be checked on LAWLINKS.
·
Justis Law Reports, 1865- . The electronic
version of The Law Reports, on CD-ROM and online. Justis also produce
electronic versions of several other major series of reports.
·
Westlaw
contains The Law Reports back to 1865
and several other series as well (http://www.westlaw.co.uk/
or http://www.westlaw.com/.)
·
Lexis
provides The Law Reports from 1865,
other reports 1945 and unreported cases (transcripts) from 1980 (http://www.lexis-nexis.co.uk/
or http://www.lexis-nexis.com/.)
·
Butterworths All England Direct
contains the All England Law Reports 1936- and the All England Reporter – a
digest of recent cases with transcripts, not all of which will eventually be
reported in All ER. Butterworths has also
recently launched The Law Reports as a separate service.
·
Lawtel contains a
wide-ranging database of full text case transcripts from about 1980.
There are numerous other services offering access to more
specialised series of reports.
Legislation and Case Law Indexes
The two major printed indexes to UK law are the Digest,
published by Butterworths, and Current Law,
published by Sweet & Maxwell. Both contain digests of cases with references
to cited cases and legislation, and both contain invaluable indexes to cases
which will tell you where they have been reported.
Current Law is available electronically as Current Legal
Information, on CD-ROM and online. This is
in fact a family of databases. The Current Law Case Citator enables you to
check the judicial history of a case and to see where it has been reported, and
to trace case commentaries in journals, and links to the digest of the case in
Current Law Cases. The Current Law Legislation Citator enables you to find
cases interpreting a piece of legislation, and commentary in articles. The
Current Law databases are all now available on
Westlaw, though in a somewhat altered form, and it is expected that the CLI
service will eventually cease to be available separately.
Butterworths
CaseSearch is a new service which is in effect the electronic version of the
Digest, allowing you to search by case citation, case name and subject
area. It includes annotations to cases from 1502.
The Legal Journals Index is the major British source for
tracing articles in legal journals, and covers over
400 UK and European English-language publications. It started
publication in 1986 and is no longer available in hard copy. It is available on Westlaw and is also part of the
Current Legal Information service, on CD-ROM and online. It is expected that
CLI will cease as a separate service in due course.
Index to Legal Periodicals
has good coverage of the more academic-orientated UK legal journals.
Lawtel
also includes an articles index for about 60 law journals from around 1998.
Butterworths Law Direct is a
freely-available service which includes an articles index for about 80 law
journals from 1995.
The Parliament website gives access to
information on the business of the two Houses of Parliament, including a good deal
of general material on the parliamentary system. You can also find details of
the composition of Parliament and of the government of the day and links to official publications on the web, including
white papers and green papers, reports of committees, House business and the
Weekly Information Bulletin.
The debates of Parliament are published in Hansard. There
are separate series for the House of Commons and the House of Lords and for
Standing Committee debates. Hansard is also available on the web on the
Parliament website, and there are archives of the Commons Hansard back to
1988/89 The House of Lords Hansard database is from 1996.
Bills are published on the web with
amendments where available, and explanatory notes for major public Bills introduced into Parliament by a
government minister. The progress of legislation can be checked in the House of
Commons Weekly Information Bulletin on the Parliament website.
The government’s website UK online includes an A-Z index to all
government departments, agencies and other public or quasi-governmental bodies
and is the gateway to a rich resource of material in the departmental websites.
Until 1996 all government publishing was in the hands of Her
Majesty’s Stationery Office when it was privatised. The trading business was
sold off to a company now known as The Stationery Office. HMSO remains as a body handling the
statutory functions of official publishing, with responsibility for publishing
legislation and administering crown and parliamentary copyright.
The Stationery Office is now mainly
useful for its online catalogue and bookstore.
The major online subscription services for official
publications is UKOP, which has
authoritative bibliographic information. BOPCAS (British Official
Publications Current Awareness Service) is a subscription service with a
certain amount of free information on recent publications. There is a public
domain site for Official
Documents.
BOPCRIS
is a valuable free index to official publications from 1688 to 1995.
The Law Commission
is an independent body set up in 1965 to keep the law of England and Wales
under review and recommend reform where needed. Its projects are described on the website, and you can access the
valuable Law Commission Reports and Consultation Papers in its online Library.
The valuable Law Commission Reports and Consultation Papers are in its online Library.
The Scottish
Law Commission is the equivalent body for Scotland.
Recent constitutional reforms are dealt with under Background
and Constitution above. Reform of civil and criminal procedure is under The Court System
above.
The Scottish legal system is in part separate from that of
England and Wales. It has its own court system and legal profession. Scotland
lost its independent legislative powers under the Treaty of Union 1707, when
Scotland became part of Great Britain. In 1997 the new Labour Government
carried through proposals for devolution, and the Scottish Parliament was set
up following a referendum in the Scotland Act 1998. Elections were held in
1999. The Scottish Parliament can
legislate in areas of domestic policy, but excluding foreign affairs, defence
and national security, economic and monetary policy, employment and social
security. The Scottish Executive is
the official government website.
The court system is separate and different from that of
England and Wales, and uses different terminology. The principal law officer is
the Lord Advocate. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court, subject to
appeal to the House of Lords, with most civil jurisdiction being dealt with in
the sheriff courts. The supreme criminal court is the High Court of Justiciary,
the lower courts are the sheriff courts and district courts. The Scottish Courts website contains information on the court system and links to
judgments.
The Laws of Scotland: Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia,
Butterworths 1987- is the definitive Scottish legal encyclopaedia. It is available as a web-based subscription service
called Scotland Direct from Butterworths.
Until the establishment of the Scottish Parliament, Acts of
Parliament with specific application to Scotland were made in the Westminster
Parliament. The first Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed in 1999, and
they are on the Scottish
Legislation website. This site also includes links to Scottish Statutory
Instruments and other material.
Session Cases 1822- is the main series, reporting not only
cases heard in the Court of Session, but also in the House of Lords and the
High Court of Justiciary.
Scots
Law Times 1893- is
a weekly publication containing law reports. There are also other series, and some
significant Scottish judgments may be reported in the Weekly Law Reports and
the All England Law Reports.
BAILII publishes all
the Scottish cases in the public domain with links to legislation and cases
cited.
The Scottish Courts
Web Site contains the same cases, though without links.
Wales has been united with England administratively,
politically and legally since the 16th century. Under arrangements
for devolution a new Welsh Assembly was established in 1999 following a
referendum (The Government of Wales Act 1998), giving powers legislate in
domestic areas but excluding foreign affairs and defence, taxation, overall
economic policy, social security and broadcasting. However, the National Assembly for Wales is restricted
to passing subordinate legislation only.
Welsh Statutory Instruments can be found on the Wales Legislation site and
on BAILII.
There is no separate Welsh case law.
Northern Ireland was created in 1922 from the six protestant-dominated counties of the Irish province of
Ulster (the remaining three Ulster counties being catholic). After
centuries of conflict with Britain, in which the 'Irish question' was a major
political issue, demands for home rule for Ireland were met by establishing two
separate parliaments subordinate to Westminster (the Government of Ireland Act
1920: text on BAILII). This proved
unacceptable to the South and after negotiations leading to the Anglo-Irish
Treaty of 1921 (on the National
Archives of Ireland website), the 26 counties of Southern Ireland left to
form the Irish Free State, now known as the Republic of Ireland. The six
predominantly Protestant counties of the province of Ulster retained their own
parliament under Westminster jurisdiction.
The present civil unrest between the Unionists (protestant)
and the nationalists (catholic) began in the 1960s, and the British government
assumed direct responsibility for law and order in 1972. The Northern Ireland
Parliament was abolished, and replaced by a unicameral Northern Ireland
Assembly, with a Secretary of State appointed by the British Government and
serving as a member of the British Cabinet. The constitutional authority of
this lies in the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973. This only lasted until
1974, when the British government took over direct rule of Northern Ireland
(the Northern Ireland Act 1974). In 1998, following extensive negotiations, the
Good Friday Agreement
was reached and endorsed by referendum. A new Northern Ireland Assembly was
created and legislation to implement the settlement (The Northern Ireland Act
1998: text also on BAILII)
was passed.
The Northern Ireland Office
includes background and current information.
A valuable website for information and documents on the
Northern Ireland conflict is CAIN
(Conflict Archive on the Internet).
Legislation applying to the whole of the UK can be assumed
to apply in its entirety to Northern Ireland unless this is made explicit
within the Act. Some Acts apply primarily or exclusively to Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland Orders in Council are Statutory Instruments applying
exclusively to Northern Ireland under the Northern Ireland Act 1974, and which
equate to primary legislation. These are collected together in annual volumes:
Northern Ireland Statutes, 1921-. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland are
Statutory Instruments relating exclusively to Northern Ireland and are on the
web from 1998. Statutes Revised Northern Ireland, 2nd. ed.
(HMSO,1982) includes Acts passed before Northern Ireland came into existence.
These are also on BAILII.
As well as BAILII the official Northern Ireland
Legislation website provides access to full text Northern Irish
legislation.
Northern Ireland has its own court structure, replicating
that of England and Wales. The Northern Ireland Court Service describes
this. The decisions from 1998 are available on BAILII.
The legal profession in England and Wales has two branches,
solicitors and barristers. There are some 67,000 solicitors in England and
Wales, and only 8,500 practising barristers. Barristers represent clients in
the courts on the instruction of solicitors, although their exclusive rights of
audience in the higher courts have been eroded in recent years. Barristers are
organised into sets of Chambers, but are essentially self-employed. Their
professional organisation is called the Bar. Solicitors are organised into
firms of varying size from sole practitioner to large multinational practices. They provide all legal services and
instruct barristers.
The Bar Council is the governing body for
Barristers.
The Law Society is the governing body for
solicitors. There is a separate Law Society of Scotland.
A valuable portal for the legal profession is Legal Resources
in the UK and Ireland.
Law degrees in the UK are at undergraduate level.
Professional training is provided at postgraduate level by means of the Bar
Vocational Course (BVC) for would-be barristers, and the Legal Practice Course
(LPC) for solicitors. Students with a first degree in a subject other than Law
must follow a one-year qualifying course (known as the CPE, or Common
Professional Examination) in the core subjects of law before being eligible for
the qualifying courses. In order to enter the profession student solicitors
must find a post as a trainee solicitor, and barristers must obtain a pupillage
in a set of barristers’ chambers. Entry to both branches of the profession is
extremely competitive.
The major legal publishers are Butterworths and Sweet &
Maxwell, who between them publish most of the principal reference
works of law. The Incorporated Council
of Law Reporting publish The Law Reports (see above). However
there are a large number of important publishers with large legal publishing
programmes. A list of these can be found on LAWLINKS.
Legal News & Current Awareness
There are many websites which provide free current awareness
services. Many of the major publishers do so, including Butterworths, which offers Law
Direct. There is also a
growing number of legal portals, of which some examples can be found on LAWLINKS.
See Legal
Resources in the UK and Ireland for lists of these and of law firms
with current awareness and news on their websites, or offering free email
newsletters.
Several legal newspapers also have websites. The Lawyer, Legal Week and the Law Society Gazette are all useful current awareness sources.
This is inevitably a rather ad hoc list. I have omitted
loose leaf publications, though in recent years many standard texts have
changed to this form of publication.
A good place to search for UK law books is Hammicks
Legal Bookshops Online.
Banking Law
·
Cranston,
R. Principles of banking law. Oxford University
Press, 2002.
·
Hapgood,
M. Paget’s law of banking. 12th ed.
Butterworths 2002.
Commercial Law
·
Borrie,
J. & Brown, I. Commercial law. 7th ed. Butterworths, 2000.
·
Goode,
R. Commercial law. 2nd ed. Butterworths, 1998.
Company Law
·
Farrar,
J.H. Farrar’s company law. 4th ed. Butterworths, 1998.
·
Morse,
G. Charlesworth & Morse: Company law. 16th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1999.
Competition Law
·
Furse, M. Competition law of the UK and EC. 3rd. ed. Oxford
University Press, 2002.
·
Whish,
R. Competition law. 4th. ed.
Butterworths, 2001.
Constitutional and Administrative Law
·
Bradley,
A.W. & Ewing, K. Constitutional and administrative law. 13th ed. Longman, 2002.
·
De
Smith, S. & Brazier, R. Constitutional and administrative law. 8th ed. Penguin Books, 1998.
·
McEldowney, J.F. Public law. 3rd ed. Sweet & Maxwell,
2002.
Consumer Law
·
Harvey,
B.W. & Parry, D. Law of consumer protection and fair trading. 6th. ed. Butterworths, 2000.
·
Lowe, R. & Woodroffe, G. Consumer law and practice. 5th
ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1999.
Contract Law
·
Beale,
H. (ed.) Chitty on contracts. 2 vols. 28th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1999, plus supplements.
·
Furmston,
M.P. Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston’s law of contract. 14th ed. Butterworths, 2001.
·
Goff,
R. Law of restitution. 5th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1998.
Criminal Law
·
Ashworth,
A. Principles of criminal law. 3rd ed. Clarendon Press, 1999.
·
Smith,
J.C. & Hogan, B. Criminal law. 2002 ed.,
Butterworths, 2002.
Employment Law
·
Pitt,
G. Employment law. 4th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 2000.
·
Selwyn,
N. Selwyn’s law of employment. 11th ed.
Butterworths, 2000.
·
Smith,
I. & Thomas, G. Industrial law. 7th ed. Butterworths, 2000.
English Legal System
·
Elliott, C. & Quinn, F. English legal system. Longman,
2002.
·
Ward,
R. Walker and Walker’s English legal system. 8th ed. Butterworths, 1998.
·
Slapper, G. et al, The English legal system. 5th ed.
Cavendish, 2001.
Environmental Law
·
Wolf, S. & White, A.H. Principles of environment law.
Cavendish, 2001.
·
Hawke,
N. Environmental health law. Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.
·
Hughes,
D. Environmental law. 4th ed.
Butterworths, 2000.
·
Woolley, D. et al Environmental law. Oxford University
Press, 2000.
Equity and Trusts
·
Burn,
E.H. Maudsley and Burn’s Trusts and trustees. 5th ed. Butterworths, 1996.
·
Martin,
J. Hanbury and Martin: Modern equity. 16th ed.
Sweet & Maxwell, 2001.
·
Pettit, P. Equity and the law of trusts. 9th ed.
Butterworths, 2001.
Evidence
·
Keane, C. Modern law of evidence. 5th ed. Butterworths,
2000.
·
Murphy,
P. Murphy on evidence. 7th ed.
Blackstone, 2000.
·
Tapper,
C. Cross and Tapper on evidence. 9th ed. Butterworths, 1999.
Family Law
·
Cretney,
S. Principles of Family law. 7th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 2002.
·
Lowe,
N. Bromley’s Family law. 9th ed. Butterworths, 1998.
·
Shannon, G. Children and the law. Sweet & Maxwell, 2001.
Human Rights
·
Clayton,
R. et al The law of human rights. Oxford University Press, 2000.
·
Feldman, D. Civil liberties and human rights in England and
Wales. Oxford University Press, 2002.
·
Lester,
A. and Pannick, D. Human rights law and
practice. Butterworths, 1999.
Immigration Law
·
Jackson,
D. Immigration - law and practice. Sweet & Maxwell, 2001.
·
Macdonald,
I.A. Macdonald’s Immigration law and practice. 5th
ed. Butterworths, 2001.
·
Reed, C. & Angel, J. Computer law. 4th ed. Blackstone,
2000.
Information Technology Law
·
Lloyd,
I. Information technology law. 3rd ed.
Butterworths, 2002.
·
Macdonald,
E. Information technology law. 2nd ed. Cavendish, 2000.
Insolvency Law
·
Fletcher,
I. Law of insolvency. 3rd ed. Sweet
& Maxwell, 2000.
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Pennington,
R. Pennington’s Corporate Insolvency
law. 2nd ed. Butterworths, 1997.
Insurance Law
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Birds, J & Hird, N. Birds' Modern insurance law. 5th ed.
Sweet & Macwell, 2001.
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Ivamy,
E.R.H. General principles of insurance law. 6th ed. Butterworths, 1993.
·
McGee, A. The modern law of insurance. Butterworths, 2001.
·
Legh-Jones,
N. et al Macgillivray on insurance law. 9th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1997.
Intellectual Property
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Bainbridge, D.I. Intellectual property. 5th ed. Longman,
2002.
·
Cornish,
W.R. Intellectual property. 4th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1999.
·
Garnett,
K. et al Copinger and Skone James on copyright. 14th ed. Sweet & Maxwell,
1998.
Legal dictionaries
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Stroud’s judicial dictionary of words and phrases. 6th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 2001.
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Words
and phrases legally defined. 3rd ed. Butterworths, 1998-.
Legal Skills
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Clinch,
P. Using a law library. 2nd ed.
Blackstone, 2001.
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Holborn,
G. Butterworths legal research guide. 2nd ed.
Butterworths, 2001.
Medical Law
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Jones,
M. Medical negligence. 3rd ed. Sweet
& Maxwell, 2002.
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Kennedy,
I. & Grubb, A. Medical law. 3rd ed.
Butterworths, 2000.
·
McLean, S. Medical law and ethics. Dartmouth, 2002.
Planning Law
·
Duxbury,
R.M.C. Telling and Duxbury: Planning law and
procedure. 12th ed. Butterworths,
2002.
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Grant, M. Planning law. 2nd ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 2003.
·
Heap,
D. An outline of planning law. 11th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1996.
Property Law
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Brennan, G. Landlord and tenant law. 2nd ed. Oxford
University Press, 2002.
·
Burn,
E.H. Cheshire and Burn: Modern law of real property. 16th ed. Butterworths,
2000.
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Furber,
J. Hill & Redman’s Guide to landlord and tenant law. Butterworths, 1999.
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Gray,
K. Elements of land law. 3rd ed. Butterworths, 2000.
Scots Law
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Walker, D.M. The Scottish legal system. 8th ed. W. Green,
2001.
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Marshall,
E.A. General principles of Scots law. W. Green, 1999.
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White,
R.M. & Willock, I.D. The Scottish legal system. 2nd.ed. Butterworths, 1999.
Tax Law
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Morse,
G. Davies: Principles of tax law. 4th
ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 2000.
·
Whitehouse,
C. et al Revenue law – principles and
practice. 20th ed., Butterworths, 2002.
Torts
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Cane,
P. Atiyah’s Accidents, compensation and the law. 6th ed. Butterworths, 1999.
·
Jones, M. Textbook on torts. 8th ed., 2002.
·
Murphy, J. Street on tort. 11th ed. Butterworths, 2003.
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